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Exam Code: SAA-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate - 2023 education January 2024 by Killexams.com team | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SAA-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate - 2023 Exam Number : SAA-C02 Exam Name : AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate Questions : 65 questions Questions Type : Either multiple choice or multiple response Exam Type : Associate Delivery Method : Testing center or online proctored exam Time Allowed : 130 minutes to complete the exam Language : Available in English, Japanese, Korean, and Simplified Chinese Recommended AWS Knowledge 1 year of hands-on experience designing available, cost-effective, fault-tolerant, and scalable distributed systems on AWS. Hands-on experience using compute, networking, storage, and database AWS services. Hands-on experience with AWS deployment and management services. Ability to identify and define technical requirements for an AWS-based application. Ability to identify which AWS services meet a given technical requirement. Knowledge of recommended best practices for building secure and reliable applications on the AWS platform. An understanding of the basic architectural principles of building in the AWS Cloud. An understanding of the AWS global infrastructure. An understanding of network technologies as they relate to AWS. An understanding of security features and tools that AWS provides and how they relate to traditional services. The AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate examination is intended for individuals who perform a solutions architect role and have one or more years of hands-on experience designing available, cost-efficient, fault-tolerant, and scalable distributed systems on AWS. Abilities Validated by the Certification Effectively demonstrate knowledge of how to architect and deploy secure and robust applications on AWS technologies Define a solution using architectural design principles based on customer requirements Provide implementation guidance based on best practices to the organization throughout the life cycle of the project Recommended Knowledge and Experience Hands-on experience using compute, networking, storage, and database AWS services Hands-on experience with AWS deployment and management services Ability to identify and define technical requirements for an AWS-based application Ability to identify which AWS services meet a given technical requirement Knowledge of recommended best practices for building secure and reliable applications on the AWS platform An understanding of the basic architectural principles of building on the AWS Cloud An understanding of the AWS global infrastructure An understanding of network technologies as they relate to AWS An understanding of security features and tools that AWS provides and how they relate to traditional services Domain 1: Design Resilient Architectures 30% Domain 2: Design High-Performing Architectures 28% Domain 3: Design Secure Applications and Architectures 24% Domain 4: Design Cost-Optimized Architectures 18% TOTAL 100% Domain 1: Design Resilient Architectures 1.1 Design a multi-tier architecture solution 1.2 Design highly available and/or fault-tolerant architectures 1.3 Design decoupling mechanisms using AWS services 1.4 Choose appropriate resilient storage Domain 2: Design High-Performing Architectures 2.1 Identify elastic and scalable compute solutions for a workload 2.2 Select high-performing and scalable storage solutions for a workload 2.3 Select high-performing networking solutions for a workload 2.4 Choose high-performing database solutions for a workload Domain 3: Design Secure Applications and Architectures 3.1 Design secure access to AWS resources 3.2 Design secure application tiers 3.3 Select appropriate data security options Domain 4: Design Cost-Optimized Architectures 4.1 Identify cost-effective storage solutions 4.2 Identify cost-effective compute and database services 4.3 Design cost-optimized network architectures | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate - 2023 Amazon Certified education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Amazon examsAWS-CSAP AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional (SOP-C01)AWS-CSS AWS Certified Security - Specialty ( (SCS-C01) AWS-CDBS AWS Certified Database-Specialty (DBS-C01) CLF-C01 AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C01) DOP-C01 AWS DevOps Engineer Professional (DOP-C01) DVA-C01 AWS Certified Developer -Associate (DVA-C01) MLS-C01 AWS Certified Machine Learning Specialty (MLS-C01) SCS-C01 AWS Certified Security - Specialty (SCS-C01) SAA-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate - 2023 SOA-C02 AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) DAS-C01 AWS Certified Data Analytics - Specialty (DAS-C01) SAP-C01 AWS Certified Solutions Architect Professional SAA-C03 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate ANS-C01 AWS Certified Advanced Networking - Specialty exam (ANS-C01) SAP-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional PAS-C01 SAP on AWS - Specialty Certification DOP-C02 AWS Certified DevOps Engineer - Professional DVA-C02 AWS Certified Developer - Associate SCS-C02 AWS Certified Security - Specialty CLF-C02 AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner DBS-C01 AWS Certified Database - Specialty | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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SAA-C02 Dumps SAA-C02 Braindumps SAA-C02 Real Questions SAA-C02 Practice Test SAA-C02 dumps free Amazon SAA-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate - 2022 http://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/SAA-C02 Question: 980 A companys web application is using multiple Linux Amazon EC2 instances and storing data on Amazon EBS volumes. The company is looking for a solution to increase the resiliency of the application in case of a failure and to provide storage that complies with atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID). What should a solutions architect do to meet these requirements? A. Launch the application on EC2 instances in each Availability Zone. Attach EBS volumes to each EC2 instance. B. Create an Application Load Balancer with Auto Scaling groups across multiple Availability Zones. Mount an instance store on each EC2 instance. C. Create an Application Load Balancer with Auto Scaling groups across multiple Availability Zones. Store data on Amazon EFS and mount a target on each instance. D. Create an Application Load Balancer with Auto Scaling groups across multiple Availability Zones. Store data using Amazon S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA). Answer: C Question: 981 A solutions architect is implementing a document review application using an Amazon S3 bucket for storage. The solution must prevent an accidental deletion of the documents and ensure that all versions of the documents are available. Users must be able to download, modify, and upload documents. Which combination of actions should be taken to meet these requirements? (Choose two.) A. Enable a read-only bucket AC C. Enable versioning on the bucket. D. Attach an IAM policy to the bucket. E. Enable MFA Delete on the bucket. F. Encrypt the bucket using AWS KM Answer: BD Question: 982 A company hosts a static website on-premises and wants to migrate the website to AWS. The website should load as quickly as possible for users around the world. The company also wants the most cost-effective solution. What should a solutions architect do to accomplish this? A. Copy the website content to an Amazon S3 bucket. Configure the bucket to serve static webpage content. Replicate the S3 bucket to multiple AWS Regions. B. Copy the website content to an Amazon S3 bucket. Configure the bucket to serve static webpage content. Configure Amazon CloudFront with the S3 bucket as the origin. C. Copy the website content to an Amazon EBS-backed Amazon EC2 instance running Apache HTTP Server. Configure Amazon Route 53 geolocation routing policies to select the closest origin. D. Copy the website content to multiple Amazon EBS-backed Amazon EC2 instances running Apache HTTP Server in multiple AWS Regions. Configure Amazon CloudFront geolocation routing policies to select the closest origin. Answer: B Question: 983 An application runs on Amazon EC2 instances across multiple Availability Zones. The instances run in an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group behind an Application Load Balancer. The application performs best when the CPU utilization of the EC2 instances is at or near 40%. What should a solutions architect do to maintain the desired performance across all instances in the group? A. Use a simple scaling policy to dynamically scale the Auto Scaling group. B. Use a target tracking policy to dynamically scale the Auto Scaling group. C. Use an AWS Lambda function to update the desired Auto Scaling group capacity. D. Use scheduled scaling actions to scale up and scale down the Auto Scaling group. Answer: B Question: 984 A companys production application runs online transaction processing (OLTP) transactions on an Amazon RDS MySQL DB instance. The company is launching a new reporting tool that will access the same data. The reporting tool must be highly available and not impact the performance of the production application. How can this be achieved? A. Create hourly snapshots of the production RDS DB instance. B. Create a Multi-AZ RDS Read Replica of the production RDS DB instance. C. Create multiple RDS Read Replicas of the production RDS DB instance. Place the Read Replicas in an Auto Scaling group. D. Create a Single-AZ RDS Read Replica of the production RDS DB instance. Create a second Single-AZ RDS Read Replica from the replica. Answer: B Question: 985 A companys legacy application is currently relying on a single-instance Amazon RDS MySQL database without encryption. Due to new compliance requirements, all existing and new data in this database must be encrypted. How should this be accomplished? A. Create an Amazon S3 bucket with server-side encryption enabled. Move all the data to Amazon S3. Delete the RDS instance. B. Enable RDS Multi-AZ mode with encryption at rest enabled. Perform a failover to the standby instance. C. Take a Snapshot of the RDS instance. Create an encrypted copy of the snapshot. Restore the RDS instance from the encrypted snapshot. D. Create an RDS read replica with encryption at rest enabled. Promote the read replica to master and switch the over to the new master. Delete the old RDS instance. Answer: C Question: 986 Organizers for a global event want to put daily reports online as static HTML pages. The pages are expected to generate millions of views from users around the world. The files are stored in an Amazon S3 bucket. A solutions architect has been asked to design an efficient and effective solution. Which action should the solutions architect take to accomplish this? A. Generate presigned URLs for the files. B. Use cross-Region replication to all Regions. C. Use the geoproximity feature of Amazon Route 53. D. Use Amazon CloudFront with the S3 bucket as its origin. Answer: D Question: 987 An application running on AWS uses an Amazon Aurora Multi-AZ deployment for its database. When evaluating performance metrics, a solutions architect discovered that the database reads are causing high I/O and adding latency to the write requests against the database. What should the solutions architect do to separate the read requests from the write requests? A. Enable read-through caching on the Amazon Aurora database. B. Update the application to read from the Multi-AZ standby instance. C. Create a read replica and modify the application to use the appropriate endpoint. D. Create a second Amazon Aurora database and link it to the primary database as a read replica. Answer: C Question: 988 A solutions architect is designing a web application that will run on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The company strictly requires that the application be resilient against malicious internet activity and attacks, and protect against new common vulnerabilities and exposures. What should the solutions architect recommend? A. Leverage Amazon CloudFront with the ALB endpoint as the origin . B. Deploy an appropriate managed rule for AWS WAF and associate it with the AL D. Subscribe to AWS Shield Advanced and ensure common vulnerabilities and exposures are blocked. E. Configure network ACLs and security groups to allow only ports 80 and 443 to access the EC2 instances. Answer: B Explanation: My answer here was C not A as I can see above . the right answer can be either shield advanced or WAF. Basically shield advanced have WAF included . But it costs more cause it has also automatic remediation . so right answer according to cost is B Question: 989 A solutions architect is designing the cloud architecture for a new application being deployed on AWS. The process should run in parallel while adding and removing application nodes as needed based on the number of jobs to be processed. The processor application is stateless. The solutions architect must ensure that the application is loosely coupled and the job items are durably stored. Which design should the solutions architect use? A. Create an Amazon SNS topic to send the jobs that need to be processed. Create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that consists of the processor application. Create a launch configuration that uses the AM B. Create an Auto Scaling group using the launch configuration. Set the scaling policy for the Auto Scaling group to add and remove nodes based on CPU usage. C. Create an Amazon SQS queue to hold the jobs that need to be processed. Create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that consists of the processor application. Create a launch configuration that uses the AM D. Create an Auto Scaling group using the launch configuration. Set the scaling policy for the Auto Scaling group to add and remove nodes based on network usage. E. Create an Amazon SQS queue to hold the jobs that need to be processed. Create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that consists of the processor application. Create a launch template that uses the AM F. Create an Auto Scaling group using the launch template. Set the scaling policy for the Auto Scaling group to add and remove nodes based on the number of items in the SQS queue. G. Create an Amazon SNS topic to send the jobs that need to be processed. Create an Amazon Machine Image (AMI) that consists of the processor application. Create a launch template that uses the AM H. Create an Auto Scaling group using the launch template. Set the scaling policy for the Auto Scaling group to add and remove nodes based on the number of messages published to the SNS topic. Answer: C Question: 990 A solutions architect at an ecommerce company wants to back up application log data to Amazon S3. The solutions architect is unsure how frequently the logs will be accessed or which logs will be accessed the most. The company wants to keep costs as low as possible by using the appropriate S3 storage class. Which S3 storage class should be implemented to meet these requirements? A. S3 Glacier B. S3 Intelligent-Tiering C. S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA) D. S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA) Answer: B Question: 991 A company has deployed an API in a VPC behind an internet-facing Application Load Balancer (ALB). An application that consumes the API as a client is deployed in a second account in private subnets behind a NAT gateway. When requests to the client application increase, the NAT gateway costs are higher than expected. A solutions architect has configured the ALB to be internal. Which combination of architectural changes will reduce the NAT gateway costs? (Choose two.) A. Configure a VPC peering connection between the two VPCs. Access the API using the private address. B. Configure an AWS Direct Connect connection between the two VPCs. Access the API using the private address. C. Configure a ClassicLink connection for the API into the client VP D. Access the API using the ClassicLink address. E. Configure a PrivateLink connection for the API into the client VP F. Access the API using the PrivateLink address. G. Configure an AWS Resource Access Manager connection between the two accounts. Access the API using the private address. Answer: AD Question: 992 A solutions architect is designing a new service behind Amazon API Gateway. The request patterns for the service will be unpredictable and can change suddenly from 0 requests to over 500 per second. The total size of the data that needs to be persisted in a database is currently less than 1 GB with unpredictable future growth. Data can be queried using simple key-value requests. Which combination of AWS services would meet these requirements? (Choose two.) A. AWS Fargate B. AWS Lambda C. Amazon DynamoDB D. Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling E. MySQL-compatible Amazon Aurora Answer: BC Question: 993 A solutions architect needs to ensure that API calls to Amazon DynamoDB from Amazon EC2 instances in a VPC do not traverse the internet. What should the solutions architect do to accomplish this? (Choose two.) A. Create a route table entry for the endpoint. B. Create a gateway endpoint for DynamoD D. Create a new DynamoDB table that uses the endpoint. E. Create an ENI for the endpoint in each of the subnets of the VP G. Create a security group entry in the default security group to provide access. Answer: AB Question: 994 A company has been storing analytics data in an Amazon RDS instance for the past few years. The company asked a solutions architect to find a solution that allows users to access this data using an API. The expectation is that the application will experience periods of inactivity but could receive bursts of traffic within seconds. Which solution should the solutions architect suggest? A. Set up an Amazon API Gateway and use Amazon EC C. Set up an Amazon API Gateway and use AWS Elastic Beanstalk. D. Set up an Amazon API Gateway and use AWS Lambda functions. E. Set up an Amazon API Gateway and use Amazon EC2 with Auto Scaling. Answer: C Question: 995 A company allows its developers to attach existing IAM policies to existing IAM roles to enable faster experimentation and agility. However, the security operations team is concerned that the developers could attach the existing administrator policy, when would allow the developers to circumvent any other security policies. How should a solutions architect address this issue? A. Create an Amazon SNS topic to send an alert every time a developer creates a new policy. B. Use service control policies to disable IAM activity across all account in the organizational unit. C. Prevent the developers from attaching any policies and assign all IAM duties to the security operations team. D. Set an IAM permissions boundary on the developer IAM role that explicitly denies attaching the administrator policy. Answer: D Question: 996 A company is planning to use Amazon S3 to store images uploaded by its users. The images must be encrypted at rest in Amazon S3. The company does not want to spend time managing and rotating the keys, but it does want to control who can access those keys. What should a solutions architect use to accomplish this? A. Server-Side Encryption with keys stored in an S3 bucket B. Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Keys (SSE-C) C. Server-Side Encryption with Amazon S3-Managed Keys (SSE-S3) D. Server-Side Encryption with AWS KMS-Managed Keys (SSE-KMS) Answer: D Question: 997 A companys application runs on Amazon EC2 instances behind an Application Load Balancer (ALB). The instances run in an Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling group across multiple Availability Zones. On the first day of every month at midnight, the application becomes much slower when the month-end financial calculation batch executes. This causes the CPU utilization of the EC2 instances to immediately peak to 100%, which disrupts the application. What should a solutions architect recommend to ensure the application is able to handle the workload and avoid downtime? A. Configure an Amazon CloudFront distribution in front of the AL C. Configure an EC2 Auto Scaling simple scaling policy based on CPU utilization. D. Configure an EC2 Auto Scaling scheduled scaling policy based on the monthly schedule. E. Configure Amazon ElastiGache to remove some of the workload from the EC2 instances. Answer: C Question: 998 A company is migrating from an on-premises infrastructure to the AWS Cloud. One of the companys applications stores files on a Windows file server farm that uses Distributed File System Replication (DFSR) to keep data in sync. A solutions architect needs to replace the file server farm. Which service should the solutions architect use? A. Amazon EFS B. Amazon FSx C. Amazon S3 D. AWS Storage Gateway Answer: B Question: 999 An Amazon EC2 administrator created the following policy associated with an IAM group containing several users: What is the effect of this policy? A. Users can terminate an EC2 instance in any AWS Region except us-east-1. B. Users can terminate an EC2 instance with the IP address 10.100.100.1 in the us-east-1 Region. C. Users can terminate an EC2 instance in the us-east-1 Region when the users source IP is 10.100.100.254. D. Users cannot terminate an EC2 instance in the us-east-1 Region when the users source IP is 10.100.100.254. Answer: A Question: 1000 A data science team requires storage for nightly log processing. The size and number of logs is unknown and will persist for 24 hours only. What is the MOST cost-effective solution? A. Amazon S3 Glacier B. Amazon S3 Standard C. Amazon S3 Intelligent-Tiering D. Amazon S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA) Answer: B For More exams visit https://killexams.com/vendors-exam-list Kill your exam at First Attempt....Guaranteed! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sustainability initiatives have been organised for most of the agricultural commodities of the Pan Amazon, including palm oil, soy and beef, but also for coffee and cacao. Several of these initiatives have adopted the term roundtable in their names because it conveys the notion of inclusiveness that is a core concept in these multi-stakeholder initiatives. Typically, the stakeholders include all the participants in a supply chain, from the farmer to the retailer, but also commodity traders, consumer goods manufacturers, banks and service supplies, as well as civil society groups. Their shared goal is to identify effective solutions to the social and environmental challenges associated with conventional production systems. The mechanism used to reform supply chains is typically a voluntary certification system that verifies that the production, trade and transformation of a commodity has complied with a set of best practices that have been agreed to by all the parties. The search for consensus is important, because it means all of the stakeholders have agreed to accept this package of solutions and commit to supporting the commercialisation of the goods that have been certified as sustainable. Some environmental activists view these initiatives as a form of greenwash and have questioned their efficacy. Participating companies certify the production within their own supply chain, but roundtable initiatives have not succeeded in transforming their respective sectors. Demand for certified commodities has failed to attract a critical mass of producers that would actually transform the market and change the economic drivers of deforestation. Adoption is highest for coffee (40%) and cocoa (22%), while commodities linked to industrial plantations tend to be lower: palm oil (20%), sugar (3%) soy (2%) and beef (<1%). Part of the explanation for the slow uptake of the voluntary standards is the lack of demand; typically, only about fifty per cent of certified production is actually sold as a certified commodity. The lack of uptake is yet another manifestation of the dilemma of allocating the cost of environmental protection and social justice. Sustainability protocols cost money, which either adds to the price of a consumer good or reduces the profit margin of commodity producers. Although North American and European consumers are concerned about deforestation, most still choose a lower-cost product, while those in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East are overwhelmingly focused on price. Moreover, global commodity markets are dominated by producers on landscapes that were transformed by agriculture decades or centuries in the past, and these farmers operate without fear of being accused of environmental crimes. Consequently, traders are not motivated to pay a premium to farmers on the agricultural frontier. A few producers seek to differentiate their products as organic, deforestation-free, fair-trade or antibiotic-free because they are selling their products into a differentiated market and receive a premium for their production in compensation for the extra cost and reduced yields that these systems [allegedly] entail. Others participate because it guarantees them market access. Most producers opt to circumvent the voluntary guidelines or sell to traders unconcerned about sustainability or just ignore the whole process entirely. Social advocates have questioned the economic benefits of certification because they tend to discriminate against small-scale producers who cannot meet the record-keeping and logistical demands of a certification process. These protocols are negotiated by large-scale producers that dominate the roundtable initiatives and tailor the certification criteria to their supply chains. As formalisation spreads throughout national and international markets, smallholders could be increasingly marginalised within regional and even local markets in contradiction with the stated social objectives of these certification schemes. “A Perfect Storm in the Amazon” is a book by Timothy Killeen and contains the author’s viewpoints and analysis. The second edition was published by The White Horse in 2021, under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0 license). Read the other excerpted portions of chapter 3 here: Chapter 3. Agriculture: Profitability determines land use
Teacher CertificationUAB will only recommend students for certification if they have successfully completed a State-approved teacher education program and other University requirements. Each student is responsible for submitting a completed certification packet to the Office of Student Services during the semester they intend to finish their approved program. A student who does not apply for their Professional Educator Certificate within five years (60 months) after completing a state-approved program may be required to fulfill additional requirements (i.e., testing and/or coursework). The Office of Student Services will verify that each student meets all degree and certification requirements after graduation and submit completed certification packets to the Alabama State Department of Education. TimelinePrepareCheck UAB e-mail during your final semester for announcement from certification specialist. SubmitSubmit your educator certification application and the supporting documentation to the Office of Student Services via UAB Box. ProcessYour application will be audited by the certification specialist to ensure you meet the current certification requirements. GraduateUpon conferral of your degree, you will receive an e-mail notification from the certification specialist once your application has been mailed to the Alabama State Department of Education (ALSDE) for processing. WatchWatch for your mailed certificate. When to ApplyThe best time to apply for your Professional Educator certificate is during your last term of enrollment. This timeline will ensure that your paperwork will be submitted to the Alabama State Department of Education(ALSDE) on time. DeadlinesCompleted certification application packets are processed and mailed to the Alabama State Department of Education (ALSDE)in the order they are received.
Recertification of an Alabama Teaching CertificatePlease call the Alabama State Department of Education at 334-694-4557. The level of courses you take (300, 400, 500, 600, etc.) will be dependent on your last certification, so communicating with one of our program directors is essential. Important: You are responsible for sending the needed documentation to the state to complete the recertification process. In 2023, EdSurge published a record number of stories on early care and education — the most we’ve run since we began covering the age group nearly five years ago. So this year, for the first time, we’re bringing you a list of the stories that resonated most with you, our readers. Below, you’ll find our 10 most popular early childhood stories from the last 12 months, which can loosely be divided into two camps. In one, we have several stories that dive into the dire conditions of the early learning sector today and what’s at stake now that pandemic-era federal funding has expired. Why is this field so fractured and fragile? What happens now that early learning programs have gone over the “fiscal cliff”? In the other, we have stories of hope and resilience. In these, our reporters and contributors explore possible solutions and promising innovations underway that may offer a salve to this struggling field, now that broad federal investment in early education is highly improbable. These stories include local efforts, private sector contributions and public-private partnerships that, in many cases, can be scaled up. Check out our most-read stories of 2023 below. And if 10 isn’t enough, you can read all of our early childhood coverage here. 10. How a Small Town in a Red State Rallied Around Universal PreschoolBy Emily Tate Sullivan In 2017, kindergarten readiness rates in American Falls, a one-stoplight farming community in conservative Idaho, hit “rock bottom.” Then a school leader launched a campaign encouraging families to “read, talk, play” with children every single day. That simple mantra became a movement, and today, the town has embraced a goal of universal preschool. Our reporter visited American Falls to find out exactly how this transformation unfolded. 9. The Child Care Cliff, A Cautionary TaleBy Rebecca Gale and Dianne Kirsch What is the child care cliff, and why should people care? Those are the questions Rebecca Gale and Dianne Kirsch teamed up to explore with their graphic story. In a series of illustrations, the duo unpacks the child care cliff, what happens after federal funding for child care runs out and why we need to support efforts to invest in child care infrastructure. 8. Child Care Programs See Closures, Resignations and Tuition Hikes After Federal Funding ExpiresBy Emily Tate Sullivan It’s been a few months since $24 billion in child care stabilization grants expired, sending the nation’s early care and education programs over the so-called fiscal cliff. Without a stopgap funding solution, the problems those dollars helped paper over are resurfacing. We spoke with educators and families in West Virginia to understand what that historic funding enabled them to do — and the “impossible choices” they now face. 7. What to Know About the Growing Popularity of Employer-Sponsored Child CareBy Emily Tate Sullivan Employers are increasingly getting involved in child care, offering perks such as on-site care and monthly stipends to offset costs. Last May, EdSurge published an in-depth story about this growing trend and the controversy surrounding it. The next month, we ran a separate story about the top takeaways from our reporting on employer-sponsored child care — our “TL;DR” version. 6. We Need Better Pathways for Becoming an Early Childhood TeacherBy Jay Lee “Access to high-quality early childhood education is among the most powerful, proven ways to close equity gaps and support communities,” writes Jay Lee, an early childhood teacher in Oakland, California. But there aren’t enough teachers. Why, then, Lee wonders, is it so difficult to become a certified early childhood teacher? In his essay, Lee explores why building inclusive, accessible pathways is key. 5. Federal Government Launches First-of-Its-Kind Center for Early Childhood WorkforceBy Emily Tate Sullivan Challenges facing the early care and education workforce have reached crisis levels since the pandemic began, and the federal government has taken notice. No, the feds are not offering universal pre-K or capping the cost of child care (at least not yet), but they have launched a first-of-its-kind ECE Workforce Center to improve compensation and working conditions for the field. And they’re looking to produce real solutions, not just research reports. 4. Who’s Looking Out for the Mental Health of Infants and Toddlers?By Emily Tate Sullivan There’s been a lot of attention lately on the mental health crisis among teens. But what about younger kids? Children of all ages — even babies — can suffer from mental health issues, and they were not immune to the stressors caused by the pandemic. We talked with experts to find out what it looks like when infants and toddlers are struggling — and why early intervention is essential. 3. Did Covid Break Child Care or Was It Already Broken? A Brief Visual ExplainerBy Rebecca Gale and Dianne Kirsch “The U.S. child care system isn’t working for anyone. Without sustained federal investment, it will remain broken,” writes Rebecca Gale, a reporting fellow at Better Life Lab at New America. This visual explainer, which Gale collaborated on with illustrator Dianne Kirsch, explains why. 2. As Bezos Academy Preschools Spread Nationally, Early Childhood Experts Weigh InBy Lilah Burke Five years ago, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos announced plans to donate money to launch a chain of free preschools. As of May 2023, the Bezos Academy network had more than a dozen sites across Washington, Texas and Florida. Here’s what has pleasantly surprised early childhood experts about the new Montessori-style programs — and what has left them less than impressed. 1. What Happens When You Give Child Care Providers Money — With No Strings Attached?By Emily Tate Sullivan What happens if you give child care providers predictable, unconditional cash? That’s the question driving the Thriving Providers Project, a pilot launched in Colorado and expanding to cities across the country. The initiative hinges on the idea that guaranteed income will improve caregivers’ economic stability and, in turn, allow them and the families they serve to thrive. We take a close look at how it works and how it’s going. Drexel University School of Education - OnlineThere is a great need for special education teachers as states all across the country are experiencing shortages. Today's special education teachers must be highly-skilled individuals who not just understand the complexities of their students’ needs, but can modify curriculum, and provide supplemental instruction. Drexel University’s School of Education certification in special education program prepares special education teachers for these challenges. What Can You Do with a Special Education (SPED) Certification?Drexel’s online Special Education (SPED) certification program seeks to produce professionals who are equipped with the fundamental skills, knowledge, and competencies they require to meet the needs of students at risk for school failure and students with disabilities in multiple settings. The program is intended for those interested in gaining greater skills and expertise and a teaching certification in the area of special education. The responsibilities of special education teachers typically include:an
How to Get Certified in Special EducationSpecial Education Certification Eligibility and Admissions RequirementsThis online Special Education certification program is for actively certified teachers seeking Pennsylvania's Special Education PreK-12 certification. Candidates must have an active PA Instructional I or Instructional II teaching certificate. Out-of-state teachers are welcome to participate in the Special Education Program as non-PA certification students. To be admitted into the Special Education certification program, students must also have a bachelor’s degree from a regionally accredited institution. Required Materials
Special Education Certification Program CurriculumThe Special Education Certification program is a part-time online program consisting of 27 graduate credits. For students that have not completed the prerequisite courses, the program will require 36 credits: 27 credits in Core Special Education Certification courses and 9.0 credits in prerequisites for certification in special education. The certification areas are Special Education PreK-8 and Special Education 7-12. Course descriptions may be found in the Drexel University Catalog. Most of the coursework in this program requires field hours. Students must have the necessary clearances in order to begin the program. Learning Outcomes and Program BenefitsThere are multiple learning outcomes and benefits of enrolling in the Special Education Certification Program offered at Drexel University School of Education. Through the program, students will:
How Long Does it Take To Get Certified in Special Education?The Special Education certification program is a part-time, accelerated program. Students, on average, complete the program in about a year and a half. DO YOU NEED TO RENEW THE SPECIAL EDUCATION CERTIFICATION?For certified teachers in Pennsylvania, a special education certification follows the same renewal cycle as the teacher’s original teaching certification. If a teacher converts their Instructional I teaching certification to Instructional II, their special education certification will also be converted. Teachers in Pennsylvania must complete their Act 48 requirements every 5 years to renew their certification. This includes 6 semester hours of college credit (there is a conversion for quarter hours), or 180 hours of continuing education programming, i.e., professional development. WHO SHOULD APPLY TO THE SPECIAL EDUCATION CERTIFICATION PROGRAM?Special Education certification is a great program for teachers who are looking to expand their skills to understand how to teach students with special needs. It also a requirement for teachers who would like to become certified special education teachers. Teachers looking for a rewarding career as a special education teacher would also benefit from this program. Master of Science in Special EducationCredits earned in the Special Education Certification program may be applied to the Master of Science in Special Education graduate program. The MS program offers four concentrations: Applied Behavior Analysis; Autism Spectrum Disorders; Collaborative Special Education Law & Process; and Dyslexia Specialist (Wilson® Level 1 certification). Students may also work with their academic advisor to develop a customized concentration to meet specific objectives. How to Apply to the Special Education Certification ProgramThe Special Education certification program is offered 100% online. you can get started by filling out the Drexel Online Application. 2023 was largely a tale of two markets. The “S&P 493” (roughly two-thirds of the index, by market cap) was up 20.3% (on average), while the seven largest mega-cap stocks (i.e. "The Magnificent 7”) were up ~100%, on average (see table below). In this report, we rank each of the Magnificent 7 stocks for 2024, with a special focus on Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) (including an update on its business, its four big growth opportunities, valuation and risks). We conclude with our stern opinion on investing in Amazon (and the Magnificent 7) in 2024, especially as compared to non-mega-cap growth stock opportunities. The Magnificent 7For some perspective, here is a look at the performance of the Magnificent 7 for 2023 (they are ranked by market cap in the table). They all dramatically outperformed the S&P 500 for the year, but this comes after a weak 2022 (see the 2-year total returns column). (AAPL) (MSFT) (GOOGL) (GOOG) (NVDA) (META) (TSLA) You’ll also notice in the table above that Wall Street’s consensus rating for all of these stocks is significantly better than the S&P 500 (note: a 1.0 rating is a “strong buy” whereas a 5.0 rating is a “strong sell”). Also worth mentioning, you can see how they compare on various valuation metrics, such as price-to-earnings and price-to-sales, but there is always more to the story than just those numbers (more on this later). Also, for a little more perspective, here is a look at just how lopsided performance was in 2023 (i.e. an unusually large percentage of individual stocks (72%) underperformed the S&P 500 because the gains were dominated by the “magnificent 7” representing ~one-third of the total market cap). Next, we’ll take a closer look at one of the magnificent 7 stocks in particular, Amazon. AmazonMany people think of Amazon as the website where you search for whatever you want, click “buy,” and then it shows up at your home or office some days later. And while that part of its business generates the majority of its revenues (84%), basically all of the profits come from its cloud-data hosting service (Amazon Web Services, AWS), which makes up only 16% of the revenues. So with that high-level backdrop in mind, let’s get into the four big factors that we see driving growth for Amazon in 2024 and beyond. 1. Amazon Web Service (“AWS”), Despite CompetitionAmazon Web Service is the leader in the cloud market because Amazon had the foresight to recognize the massive secular opportunities ahead of the traditional big boys, like Microsoft, Google and others (and because Amazon had an infrastructure head start via its online marketplace). You can see the recent worldwide cloud market share in the following graphic. (BABA) (IBM) (CRM) (ORCL) (OTCPK:TCEHY)
Cloud competition is absolutely a concern for Amazon, but it is important to keep it in perspective. Specifically, Amazon is still the worldwide cloud leader, it is very profitable in this space, and it is still growing rapidly. Moreover, the cloud opportunity (and the digitization of everything) remains perhaps the biggest technology secular trend in the world, expected to continue growing rapidly for many years, and recently being accelerated by Artificial Intelligence (more on Amazon AI later). 2. Ads Are Coming to Prime VideoThe next big theme that will impact Amazon’s business in 2024 and beyond is the addition of advertising to Amazon Prime videos (expected to begin near the end of January). Amazon Prime is a subscription service that gives users access to additional services (including faster delivery, streaming music and videos, and more). According to this article, customers will be able to pay an additional $2.99 per month to avoid ads (a prime membership costs $14.99 per month or only $139 if you pay annually). According to the company
Considering the large size of Amazon Prime (over 200 million customers worldwide), ads have the potential to meaningfully move the revenue needle for the company. 3. Artificial Intelligence Is HereWith technological advances in artificial intelligence, it has become a major theme (and growth driver) across businesses in every sector. And Amazon is also looking to capitalize on AI opportunities. According to the company:
Given the profound impact AI is expected to have on the economy, it’s important that Amazon stays at least on pace with the curve so as to not be left behind (as many slower movers inevitably will be). The company says it is also using AI beyond AWS, including helping customers better discover products that meet their needs, forecasting inventory levels, and improving delivery, to name a few. 4. The Andy Jassy FactorAndy Jassy joined Amazon in 1997, he founded AWS, and he became CEO (succeeding Jeff Bezos) in 2021. Bezos wisely left near the peak of the pandemic bubble (he went out on top), and Jassy has been at the helm while the market bubble burst, and we believe he now has something to prove. Specifically, Jassy is a winner (he went to Harvard and founded the largest cloud service in the world, AWS), but his compensation has been terrible because it has been tied to the stock price (which has not been great during his short-term as CEO so far). For example, Jassy’s pay was just $1.3 million in 2022 (tiny for a mega-cap CEO) because, again, it is tied mainly to stock performance (which was terrible in 2022). Jassy’s compensation will likely be much bigger for 2023 (Amazon shares were up 80%), but we suspect he still has a lot more to prove. We like Jassy as CEO and suspect he will do big things with success in the years ahead (such as growing AWS, succeeding with advertising initiatives and prudently implementing AI initiatives). Amazon’s ValuationAs you can see in our earlier table, Amazon has the second lowest forward PEG ratio (i.e. Price/Earnings/Growth (lower is better)) among the Magnificent 7 (second only to Tesla, which we view as a much more volatile and risky business). Also, don’t be misled by Amazon’s low price-to-sales ratio (it's attractive, but not as attractive as it may seem considering the low margins on the Amazon online marketplace business). However, the forward revenue growth rate is strong, Wall Street rates the shares very highly versus mega-cap peers and (unlike most other mega-caps) Amazon shares are still well below their all-time high. In our view, Amazon is a healthy growing business, benefiting from large secular trends and with a highly competent CEO at the helm. Amazon’s RisksLike any company, Amazon faces a variety of risks. For example, the introduction of ads on Prime could backfire. The company may lose customers over it if not done correctly (especially considering there are a variety of streaming competitors). Initially, the magic of streaming was that there were no ads, but as that now changes and competition has increased, Amazon Prime Ads may not be a slam dunk. Another risk is that Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud are both growing faster than AWS. Fortunately, the cloud is a very big place (and is expected to keep growing rapidly for many years, see our earlier chart from Grandview Research) so there is room for multiple big winners. Nonetheless, AWS competition is a risk. Another risk is share price volatility. Recall these shares were down dramatically in 2022, up dramatically in 2023, and they could again be volatile in 2024. So with that information on Amazon, let’s briefly consider the other Magnificent 7 stocks, before drawing a few final conclusions. The Other Magnificent 7 Stocks:
Ranking The Magnificent 7:We wouldn’t bet against the Magnificent 7 in 2024, but we do believe some may perform meaningfully better than others, and that investors may want to reconsider the size of their allocations to these stocks in their portfolios. For 2024, we’re breaking the Magnificent 7 into three tiers: Tier 3: If the market’s aggregate taste shifts from growth to value in 2024, Apple may be the winner. It is arguably one of the steadiest Magnificent 7 stocks (people aren’t going to get rid of their iPhones, even if the market crashes). But Apple has the lowest expected growth rate and trades at a fairly rich forward PEG ratio. The business is still better than most companies in the world, just not necessarily better than the other Magnificent 7 stocks, in our opinion. Tier 2: We’re putting Tesla in this group as the valuation has gotten stretched, and Elon will need to pull another rabbit out of his hat (in an election year, no less, when he’ll inevitably be putting out fires at Twitter (now “X”)). We could end up being very wrong on this one, but Tesla is Tier 2 here. Tier 1: We like Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta and Nvidia, but the question is how much of them you want to hold. They make up a truly enormous percentage of the U.S. (and global) market cap, and it could be quite risky to avoid them altogether. However, considering the tremendously strong performance in 2023, you may or may not want to be “overweight” these names for 2024. For a little more perspective, we offer a few non-mega-cap growth stock alternatives and ideas below. Non-Mega-Cap Growth AlternativesWe noted above how the Magnificent 7 dominated the markets in 2023, but if you actually look closer, there were plenty of non-mega-cap growth stocks that also performed extremely well (in most cases, rebounded very hard), and may be poised for strong gains again in 2024. For example, check out the following table which includes top-performing non-mega-cap growth stocks in 2023, that are also rated very highly by Wall Street. In fact, many of them have dramatically more price appreciation potential than the Magnificent 7, as per Wall Street analysts, as you can see in the following table. (SMCI) (CRWD) (UBER) (PANW) (MDB) Also, here are the same data points for highly rated non-mega-cap growth stocks that underperformed the market in 2023. These names have a ton of upside potential in 2024, as per Wall Street, as you can see in the table below. If you are looking to diversify away some of your exposure to the Magnificent 7 (especially after the incredible 2023 performance), you might find a few worthwhile ideas in the data above. ConclusionDespite the strong 2023 performance, Amazon (and the Magnificent 7, in general) remain extremely attractive businesses. Amazon in particular, is the only Magnificent 7 stock that still sits well below its all-time high (other than Tesla, which we view as a wildcard, especially considering the distractions CEO Elon Musk increasingly faces). And despite Amazon’s incomplete price rebound (so far), it has some extremely attractive qualities, such as AWS, the launch of advertising, AI, current valuation, and CEO Andy Jassy. Some investors believe the market’s infatuation with “The Magnificent 7” has gone too far, and now prefer to focus on smaller, lessor known, growth stocks with potentially much more upside (such as those we shared in the tables in this report). However, considering the Magnificent 7 makes up such a large (and important) part of the global market cap, we’re absolutely not willing to completely sell out of them altogether. Regarding Amazon, we’re currently long-shares (in our Disciplined Growth Portfolio) and have no intention of selling anytime soon. Whether you're famous for your homemade holiday cookies or just want a festive place to store Santa's chocolate chips, this ceramic jar is a must. Standing nearly a foot tall, it's hand-painted and made from sturdy earthenware, ensuring it'll last decades. Plus, at $45, it's currently nearly half off the list price of $78. As a dividend growth investor, the common belief is that companies not paying dividends don't fit into a portfolio centered on dividend growth. I beg to differ. Numerous outstanding companies exist that currently don't pay dividends and may not in the foreseeable future. Despite this, I choose to include the best of them in my portfolio due to their exceptional quality and substantial growth potential. Ultimately, the dividend yield reflects an average of all holdings in one's portfolio. Take Amazon.com Inc. (NASDAQ:AMZN) as a prime example — synonymous with quality and a 'must-have' for investors seeking growth. Consider this scenario: if you had invested $10,000 in 2010 and reinvested all the dividends into Amazon, S&P 500 (SPY), and Nasdaq 100 (QQQ), your returns would be as follows:
Having followed Amazon for more than a decade and holding it in my portfolio since 2015, I am writing my initial coverage of the company, assigning it an outperform rating heading into 2024. I view Amazon as being currently undervalued in light of its growth potential, and with the rate cuts coming in 2024, expect valuation expansion and significant growth ahead fueled by demand in its retail business and by AI tailwinds in Amazon Web Services or "AWS". 83% Gain Year-To-Date Without A Slow-Down In SightAmazon's stock surged during the pandemic as the demand for e-commerce soared. However, as the Fed began raising rates and economic worries surfaced in 2022, the shares plummeted by 49%. This year tells a very different story. Amazon's shares have skyrocketed by 83% year-to-date, marking its best performance since 2015, as well as overtaking FedEx (FDX) and UPS (UPS) as the US's No. 1 delivery business. Its market cap is now nearing $1.6 trillion, making it the fourth-largest stock in the S&P 500, trailing right behind Google's (GOOGL) A and B shares. You might be curious about expecting another stellar year for Amazon after its 2023 success. Yet, Amazon plans to leverage this year's gains by solidifying its leadership position and capitalizing on generative AI. It aims to enhance the profitability of its colossal online retail operations while setting the stage for continued growth. Amazon's Q3 2023 results showcase their remarkable success across various fronts and confirm the positive momentum. In the retail sector, the cost-to-serve, and delivery speed took significant strides forward, while AWS saw stabilized growth and advertising revenue experienced robust expansion. Overall, operating income and free cash flow saw notable increases. The Q3 net sales reached $143.1 billion, marking a 13% increase from Q3 2022's $127.1 billion. Adjusted for a $1.4 billion favorable impact from changes in foreign exchange rates, net sales grew by 11% compared to the same period last year. Operating income surged, surpassing fourfold to $11.2 billion in Q3 2023 from $2.5 billion in Q3 2022, driven by strong performances in both the retail and AWS sectors. This successful quarter translated to an increase in net income, reaching $9.9 billion in Q3 2023, or $0.94 per diluted share, compared to $2.9 billion, or $0.28 per diluted share, in Q3 2022. Operating cash flow witnessed a staggering 81% increase, totaling $71.7 billion for the trailing twelve months ending September 30, 2023, compared to $39.7 billion for the same period in 2022. Amazon is firing on all cylinders, witnessing growth and remarkable operational efficiency across all its businesses. Looking ahead, the spotlight for the upcoming year will focus on AI's integration into AWS. Recently, Amazon revealed a suite of new AI-centric products tailored for its expansive cloud computing division, AWS. During its annual re:Invent conference in late November, AWS leaders introduced a new chatbot for businesses, a deeper collaboration with Nvidia (NVDA), a frontrunner in AI chip technology, and an updated version of its own AI chip. These product launches underline Amazon's commitment to maintaining its dominance in the cloud services provider arena. As of Q2 2023, Amazon held a 32% market share, with Microsoft's Azure (MSFT) following at 22% and Google's Cloud at 11%. Analysts expect AWS to continue growing as more companies embrace compute-intensive generative AI products, capitalizing on its already substantial size and market share. The 2024 AI-focused narrative surrounding AWS brings up a recurring point often discussed here on Seeking Alpha: when you invest in Amazon's stock, you're essentially investing heavily in the AWS Business, while acquiring the Retail and Advertising Business at a discount. I agree with this statement to some extent, and here's why: During Q3 2023, AWS generated $6.976 billion in Operating Income, standing out as Amazon's most lucrative business, accounting for over 62% of the total $11.188 billion operating income in the quarter. While reaching the net income involves further deductions for non-operating income impacts and taxes, a rough estimate suggests that AWS contributed around $0.58 or 62% to the $0.94 diluted EPS for the quarter. Assuming a similar performance for the next three quarters, we could project an AWS EPS of $2.32 for FY24. For Retail and Advertising businesses, an anticipated EPS of $1.41 over the next four quarters seems reasonable, summing up to a total FY24 EPS of $3.73. Despite analysts forecasting an EPS of $3.49 in FY24, I hold the view that Amazon might surpass this estimate slightly. This belief rests on the foundation of AI advancements driving growth and a robust growth anticipated in both AWS and retail businesses, bolstered by the Fed's rate cuts. The current stock price stands at $153, and based on an anticipated FY24 EPS of $3.73, the Forward PE ratio rests at 41x, notably below its historical norms. With an expected EPS growth of 38.6% from FY23 to FY24 and no indication of growth slowing down due to improved operational efficiency, I propose that the stock should ideally be valued at around 60x its forward earnings. Should the valuation indeed expand to 60x its FY24 earnings of $3.73, my projected price target would be $224 by the end of 2024. This estimation suggests a potential stock appreciation of 46% from today's price.
As anticipated, the EPS growth is projected to persist in the coming years. Analyst estimates spanning from 2025 to 2028 suggest an average EPS growth of approximately 25.5%. However, considering a slight decline in this growth trajectory, I foresee a contraction in valuation towards 45x its forward earnings by 2028. This adjustment would potentially lead to a stock price of $416. While my scenario leans toward heavy bullishness, it's important to acknowledge the various risks that could potentially impede valuation expansion. Nevertheless, I firmly believe Amazon is presently trading at a discounted rate compared to its historical valuation. This assumption hinges on the expectation of robust EPS growth and the company's transition into a new phase of its life cycle characterized by significant improvements in operational efficiency, driving the bottom line of the business. To put it into perspective, Amazon has earned a place on multiple lucrative top-pick lists for 2024 curated by Wall Street:
Risks To My Bullish ThesisAt the moment, Amazon is gearing up for what could potentially be the most significant legal battle in its three-decade history. Regulators are questioning the company's market dominance, signaling that Amazon might face substantial scrutiny in the years ahead. The FTC alleges that the company has leveraged its market authority to inflate prices and overcharge merchants. In an October 3 client note, JPMorgan expressed that the lawsuit "was largely anticipated, and anticipates difficulties in proving that AMZN unlawfully sustains monopoly power." Simultaneously, the risk of an economic slowdown could act as a brake on Amazon's growth, impacting both its retail and AWS businesses. This risk remains, even if the Fed successfully engineers a soft landing in 2024, yet the GDP contracts more than expected. TakeawayAfter a challenging 2022, Amazon has bounced back, surging by 83% year-to-date. This upswing isn't driven by FOMO or market hysteria. Instead, the business is firing on all cylinders, witnessing recovery and growth across AWS, Retail, and Advertising sectors. I anticipate Amazon will capitalize on this momentum, marking 2024 as the onset of a new era focused on operational efficiency, paving the way for significant profitability. Presently, the valuation falls below historical averages. With expected rate cuts in 2024, I foresee valuation expansion, leading me to a bullish price target of $220 by the end of 2024, with further growth potential ahead. While I find the valuation of many businesses appealing, Amazon holds a spot among my top 5 picks for 2024. I anticipate a substantial rally and significant stock appreciation for the company. The mission of the Dual Special Education Program is to develop competent, caring, and ethical educators who are able to meet the diverse learning needs of all students across a variety of age, grade, and ability levels. The preparation program will facilitate competence in areas of academic, social, and emotional growth, and methods of maximizing a student’s capabilities through diagnostic and instructionally adaptive practices. The Dual Special Education Certification program prepares candidates to work with special needs populations in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grades (PK-12). Students will follow the requirements for an initial certification program in Elementary and Early Childhood Education, Middle Level Education, or Secondary Education with a few course substitutions permitted as noted below, in addition to completing the extra requirements for the Special Education program. Special Education is a concentration that students may add to their initial program in order to qualify for dual certification. Elementary and Early Childhood Education Major with Dual Special Education CertificationStudents majoring in Elementary and Early Childhood Education with a concentration in Special Education PK-12 will complete the following courses in addition to the afore-cited Elementary and Early Childhood program requirements (not the course substitutions permitted):
Special Education certification candidates will complete half their student teaching in a special education setting and half in a regular education setting. Middle Level Education Major with Dual Special Education CertificationStudents majoring in Middle Level Education with a concentration in Special Education PK-12 will complete the following courses in addition to the afore-cited Middle Level Education program requirements (not the course substitutions permitted):
Special Education certification candidates will complete half their student teaching in a special education setting and half in a regular education setting. Secondary Education Minor with Dual Special Education CertificationStudents minoring in secondary education with a concentration in Special Education PK-12 will complete the following courses in addition to their specific program in the major:
Special Education certification candidates will complete half their student teaching in a special education setting and half in a regular education setting. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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